Statistic and Business Research Methods

Question: Discuss the effects of bureaucracy on the employees. Answer: Introduction Bureaucracy has been defined to describe a wide range of attitudes and behaviours that creates an array of negative forces that is not only hampering the employees wellbeing but is also impacting the employees motivations. Bureaucracy in the formal organizations where hierarchy is defined weakens the morale and commitment towards the organization (Cuda 2013). It can prove to be one of the factors that misdirect the energy into competition or conflict amongst the employees rather than focusing on a basic principle of mission achievement (Wagner III and Hollenbeck 2014). However, this research proposal will highlight the effects of bureaucracy on the employees and the way it hampers their satisfaction as well as motivation in performing activities at the organization. Moreover, the study will be based on the analysis of the management and will be substantiated more if its based on primary as well as secondary data analysis initiated in the research. Nevertheless, the research will help in providing the decision making methodologies that will be used to examine the behavioural changes in employees as well as the ineffectiveness in the organization. Literature review Bureaucracy can be defined in various forms whether in the organizational form or in the informal usage. In all, bureaucracy basic characteristics lies in the attributes of red-tape as well as inflexibility in an organization that not only frustrate the employees who are working in the organization but also creates an environment of inconsistency and inequality (Child 2015). Characteristics of Bureaucratic Organization The bureaucratic organization is characterised on certain factors that cause an immobilizing symptoms to the organization. The characteristic of bureaucracy management lies in the senior management position where the management is pervasive yet its destructive nature is rarely questioned (Harper 2015). The bureaucratic nature of the organization formulates its agenda according to each department, people and budget even before the goals of the organization are defined. Moreover, there is personal fighting amongst the executives of the organization strives for more power and position. Ideas in bureaucratic organization are ideally not considered if they come from the wrong person but ideas would be considered from a right person even though the idea is not supportive of the assignment undertaken. Moreover, with the aim of the organization to grow, and with new technologies evolving, it will acquire new specialists that will endanger the employment of the existing employees (Diefenbach and Sillince 2011). Nevertheless, people are more concerned of protecting their own grounds rather than working on the responsibility given. The stress amounting for the employees is unhealthy as the organization does not provide promotion on the basis of achievement rather the element of politics plays a major role. The decision making in a bureaucratic environment are accountable at the senior management and is based on stereotypical thinking and responsibilities that are based on rigid practices, policies and procedures. Organizations with such attributes cripple the effectiveness as well as the nature of decision making. All these characteristics provide a negative impact on the satisfaction as well as the wellbeing of the employees. However, this leads to trust issues that hamper the commitment and collaboration towards the organization (Langer 2011). Formal Models of Bureaucracy On the other hand, the three models proposed by bureaucracy are Weberian Model, Acquisition Model and Monopolistic Model that are composed of appointed officials. Nevertheless, bureaucracies work differently in differ formal organizations (Gailmard and Patty 2012). Weberian Model These type of bureaucracies are structured and are based on chain of command" and characterised by broad and general responsibilities. It based on a pyramid structure where specific duties are mentioned on the bottom of the structure whereas detailed duties are stated at the top of the structure. However, there are pre fixed routines that follow standard procedures without bias (Ang 2016). Acquisition Model The acquisition model hold important in the notion of bureaucracies which are motivated by competition. The economic and political power are constantly competing over bigger portions. However, the fight power decides which bureaucracy will get higher share of budget. Moreover, this model enables the bureaucracy to expand and acquire more influence, control and power (Leach and Searle 2011). Monopolistic Model These models have no competition based on their own policy areas. Due to monopoly structure, they lack to be efficient as well as effective (Gailmard and Patty 2012). However, these bureaucracies are bloated, wasteful and inefficient. In all, to be precise, these bureaucracies can be summarised as Model Important Trait Problematic Behaviour Weberian Model Hierarchy Lethargy Acquisition Model Expansion Competition Monopolistic Model Lack of Competition Inefficiency Table: Formal Models of Bureaucracy Source: (Gailmard and Patty 2012) When distinguished on the nature of confronting bureaucracies that can be based on three theories that are territorial, capture as well as incrementalism theory. The territorial imperative is struggling over agencies or bureaus (low level bureaucracies) that when expands leads to many administrative difficulties and challenges. On the other hand, capture theory highlights the indirect control and is based on private social interest. It undermines fairness as well as efficiency in interpreting as well as implementing the policy (Etzioni-Halevy 2013). Thirdly, incrementalism is often practiced as it is on structured powers and is resistant to change and in real life, bureaucracies often move slowly when they had to implement change in the perspective management or the employees (Lipsky 2010). Research Questions The research questions that will help in evaluating the study are: What are the effects of bureaucracies on employees characterized by formal organizations? How bureaucratic models describes the negative effects on the employees? Research Methodologies The research methodologies are carried out to state the information needs of the research proposal and the scientific research and the methods that are conducting in carrying out the enquiry for a specific purpose or to achieve new insights. Moreover, the research is not sufficient if proper methodology rather framework is not advocated with the research methods or techniques (Thomas, Silverman and Nelson 2015). Research Paradigm The research paradigm selected is to analyse the nature of the problem that is bureaucracy and the psychological attributes that the employees face while experiencing it in a bureaucratic nature. However, out of the epistemological and ontological design, the research paradigm that is best suited is epistemological as it does manifests the beliefs that might be discovered in the knowledge through the employees working in a bureaucratic organization. Conversely, it is not ontological foundation as it deals with nature and structure of the world based on prior assumption (Cohen, Manion and Morrison 2013). Research Philosophy The research philosophy studies the differences between the postpositivism as well as positivism approach that highlights that the study needs to be elaborated on the qualitative and quantitative discussion based on the axiom methodologies. However, to make it easier, positivism paradigm of philosophy involves quantitative analysis whereas post-positivism studies the qualitative method (Killiam, 2013). However, this research is value free rather value laden in nature as it follows post-positivism approach on epistemological principle based on the interpretative, subjective and critical thinking. Research Design The research design is carried out to ensure the flexibility and reliability of the data collected. The research design can be of three types that is explanatory that defines the data, exploratory that adds new insights to the knowledge and descriptive where it is designed to view the situation. In this context, the research design is qualitative in nature and is mainly interpreting that is explanatory in nature (Maxwell 2012). This depicts that the information will be collected using focus group interview where it is important to understand the context of the study that will be provided by the participants. Research Approach The research approach provides the application of the study based on certain assumptions. However, there are two types of research approach that are deductive and inductive research. The deductive research approach will be help in achieving successful outcomes because this research will derive the results based on the relevant models and theories of the bureaucratic formation such that the evaluation carried out would be practical in nature (Brymen and Bell 2015). Research Strategy The research strategy helps to carry the research work in that could produce effective results that are convenient in carrying out the results in effective manner. In this case, interview strategy will be carried out to analyse the conception and the behaviour of the managers through open ended questions (Corbin and Strauss 2014). Gantt chart Task Mode Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors Auto Scheduled Research Proposal 98 days Tue 2/2/16 Thu 6/16/16 Auto Scheduled Literature Review 30 days Tue 2/2/16 Mon 3/14/16 Auto Scheduled Data Collection and Analysis Report 38 days Tue 3/15/16 Thu 5/5/16 2 Auto Scheduled Final Business Research Proposal 30 days Fri 5/6/16 Thu 6/16/16 3 Figure: Critical Path (MS Project Software) Research Process The research process will be guided through different stages of the research proposal. Stage 1 The stage incorporates the selection the research topic with the appropriate literature review based on bureaucratic nature and formal organizations emphasizing of the effects on the employees. Stage 2 This stage is essentially applicable is carrying out the research methodology of the research and the suitable methods that will be applied to the study. Stage 3 This stage will integrate research methods that is qualitative study based on the interviews carried out in the hierarchical nature of the bureaucratic organization based on the specific focus group. The interview will be conducted on staff, junior, middle as well as senior management employees. Although, the interview would be open ended but will be based on set pattern of questions. Moreover, the study will be integrated on strict principles and controls that will predominated by the straightforwardness of the results. Figure: Hierarchical Organization Structure Source: (Harper 2015) Stage 4 The last stage will be based on the findings as well as the research outcomes that are used in the research. Data Collection and Analysis Methods Data Collection Methods The data are of two types that is primary data as well as secondary data. Primary data involves is based on numbers as well as facts based on the research strategy followed by the researcher. On the other hand, secondary data sources involves the nature and opinions of key informants gathered through various sources like books, journals, articles, cases studies, blogs, e-journals. However, the data collection method manifested in the research is secondary data as it will be based on qualitative nature on the basis of interviews (Saunders 2011). However, based on the research 10 people will be interviewed on the open ended questions such that the respondents will belong to a focus group. The research will possess 1 senior management person, 2 middle management people, 3 junior management people and 4 staff members. Data Analysis The interpretation of the data will establish the link between the formal bureaucratic organizations and the impact on the employees. The research will be evaluated on the different management roles and responsibilities and the way each management undertaking of decision making hampers the wellbeing, satisfaction as well as motivation of the employees in achieving the desired organizational goals (Reem 2011). However, the respondents nature and beliefs will also help in analysis of the different bureaucratic models that are formulated in the organization. Expected Research Outcomes The expected research outcomes evaluate the above results that are critical in nature as well as associates the events with the functions of the management. However, the administration of the management plays an important role in the bureaucratic nature of the organization. It would be depicted that administration happens to provide inflexible as well as influenced bureaucratic assent. The employees are affected predominantly in creativity as well as self-regard perspective. However, the bureaucratic model is adopted so that the business can flourish and could enhance the profitability nature of the organization. Conversely, bureaucracy effect on the employees changes the face of the organization and perceives to be effect the employees in every conceivable manner. References Ang, Y.Y., 2016. Beyond Weber: Conceptualizing an Alternative Ideal-Type of Bureaucracy in Developing Contexts.Regulation and Governance, Forthcoming. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Child, J., 2015.Organization: contemporary principles and practice. John Wiley Sons. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2013.Research methods in education. Routledge. Corbin, J. and Strauss, A., 2014.Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications. Cuda, D.L., 2013. Abba Lerner and the Political Economy of Bureaucracy and Organizations.History of Political Economy,45(4), pp.613-622. Diefenbach, T. and Sillince, J.A., 2011. Formal and informal hierarchy in different types of organization.Organization Studies,32(11), pp.1515-1537. Etzioni-Halevy, E., 2013.Bureaucracy and Democracy (Routledge Library Editions: Political Science Volume 7)(Vol. 7). Routledge. Gailmard, S. and Patty, J.W., 2012. Formal models of bureaucracy.Annual Review of Political Science,15, pp.353-377. Harper, C., 2015.Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Killam, L. 2013.Research terminology simplified: Paradigms, axiology, ontology, epistemology and methodology. Laura Killam. Langer, R.L., 2011.Defining Rights and Wrongs: Bureaucracy, Human Rights, and Public Accountability. UBC Press. Leach, D.A. and Searle, C.T., 2011.Department of Defense enterprise requirements and acquisition model(No. AFIT/ISE/ENV/11-J01). Air Force Inst. of Tech Wright-Patterson AFB Oh Dept. of Systems and Engineering Management. Lipsky, M., 2010.Street-Level Bureaucracy, 30th Ann. Ed.: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service. Russell Sage Foundation. Maxwell, J.A., 2012.Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: An interactive approach. Sage. Re'em, Y., 2011. Motivating public sector employees.Heitie school of government-working papers,60, pp.1-59. Saunders, M.N., 2011.Research methods for business students, 5/e. Pearson Education India. Thomas, J. R., Silverman, S., and Nelson, J. 2015.Research Methods in Physical Activity, 7E. Human Kinetics. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.

Salem Witch Trials Essays (2386 words) - Witchcraft,

Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch trials started in 1692 resulted in 19 executions and 150 accusations of witchcraft. This is one of the historical events almost everyone has heard of. It is a topic that is talked about, and can be seen as controversial. A quote by Laurie Carlson shows just how controversial the topic can be. (A) character myth is certainly what the witch hunts in Europe and Salem have become, though they have more basis in fact than most myths. The stories of the witch hunts are character myths for our time, to be told by feminists, left-wing intellectuals, and lawyers for President Clinton, each taking what he or she needs from the story, adding or subtracting as it seems fit. (1). The trials began because three young girls, Betty Parris, Abigail Williams, and Ann Putnam began having hysterical fits after being caught engaging in forbidden fortune telling. That's right fortune telling, not dancing naked in the woods like the story has been told to many times (2). The fortune telling occurred because they were trying to find out what type of men they were going to marry. Betty Parris' father was a reverend of the town on Salem, Massachusetts. The Reverend, Samuel Parris called in senior authorities to determine if the girls' affliction was caused by witchcraft. Although Betty was sent away fairly soon, and did not participate in the trials, the remaining two girls were joined by other young and old women in staging public demonstrations of their affliction when in the presence of accused witches. The events in Salem have been used as a theme in many literary works. Anthropologists also take interest in these writings because they display some of the characteristics of village witchcraft as well as some of the features of the European witch craze. Many commentators have seen the Salem witch craze as the last outbreak of the European witch craze which was transported to North America. As in African and new Guinea villages, the original accusations in Salem were made against people who the accusers had reason to resent or fear. Moreover, the first few of the accused fit the definition of marginal persons likely to arouse suspicion. However, as in Europe, the accusations spread, and soon encompassed people not involved in any of Salem's grudges or problems. As in Europe, there was a belief that the accused were in league with the devil. Supposed experts went out to do scientific studies to diagnose witchcraft. Interestingly, during the colonial period in Africa, just after WWII, there was a number of witch finding movements in Africa that closely resembled the Salem episode. Typically in these witch finding movements, the witch finders would come in from outside a village and claim to be able to rid the village of all of it's witchcraft. At this period there was great dislocation, with people moving around because of government employment, suitable farmland, and many other causes. Some people were improving their economic status as a result of these change, and others ended up being worse off. Whereas in the past, everyone in a location had followed the same religion, people were now exposed to Christianity and the local religions of people who had moved to their region, or whose regions they had moved to. In the cities of central and Southern Africa, many local religions and Christian sects could be found, as well as Islam. Belief in witchcraft tended to unite people across religious differences. Frenzies increased throughout time, people began to be accused who had not aroused any particular jealousies, possibly because they possessed a peculiar looking item which might be said to contain magical medicine. These crazes tended to die down, at least after considerable conflict and property damage, and the witch finders would then move on to the next town. As witchcraft accusations still occurred in the areas, we can conclude that the movements did not get rid of witches forever. Witch Trials 4 There have been three basic approaches taken to the analysis of the Salem witch trials. Scholars have sought psychological and biological explanations for the symptoms displayed by the bewitched girls. Sexual repression in Puritan New England, the low status of

Tragedies and Tearjerkers - Top Ten Saddest Plays

Tragedies and Tearjerkers - Top Ten Saddest Plays The following list is a continuation of the Top Ten Saddest Plays Ever Written. You can read the entries #10 through #6 by checking out the beginning of the list. #5 - Medea Heres how Ancient History expert N. S. Gill describes the basic plot of Euripides Greek tragedy: Medea is a witch. Jason knows this, as do Creon and Glauce, but Medea seemed appeased, so when she presents a wedding gift to Glauce of a dress and crown, Glauce accepts them. The theme is familiar from the death of Hercules. When Glauce puts on the robe it burns her flesh. Unlike Hercules, she dies. Creon dies, too, trying to help his daughter. So far the motives and reactions seem understandable, but then Medea does the unspeakable. In the gruesome tragedy Medea, the title character, murders her own children. However, before she can be punished, Helios sun chariot swoops down and she flies off into the sky. So in a sense, the playwright creates a double tragedy. The audience witnesses a tragic act, and subsequently witnesses the escape of the perpetrator. The murderer does not get her comeuppance, thereby infuriating the audience all the more. #4 - The Laramie Project The most tragic aspect of this play is that it is based upon a true story. The Laramie Project is a documentary-styled play that analyzes the death of Matthew Shepard, an openly gay college student who was brutally murdered because of his sexual identity. The play was created by playwright/director Moisà ©s Kaufman and members of the Tectonic Theater Project. The theater group traveled from New York to the town of Laramie, Wyoming - just four weeks after the death of Shepard. Once there, they interviewed dozens of townspeople, collecting a wide array of different perspectives. The dialogue and monologues which comprise The Laramie Project are taken from interviews, news reports, courtroom transcripts, and journal entries. Kaufmann and his team of activists turned their journey into a theatrical experiment that is as innovative as it is heart wrenching. Learn more about this play. #3 - Long Days Journey into Night Unlike the other dramas mentioned on the list, no character dies during the course of the play. Yet, the family in Eugene ONeills Long Days Journey into Night is in a state of constant mourning, lamenting lost happiness as they reflect upon how their lives could have been. We can tell within the first few exchanges of Act One, this family has grown accustomed to harsh criticism as default form of communication. Disappointment runs deep, and although the father spends a great deal of time and energy complaining about his sons failures, at times the young men are their own harshest critics. Read more about Eugene ONeills dramatic masterpiece. #2 - King Lear Every line of iambic pentameter in Shakespeares tale of an abused old king is so depressing and brutal that theater producers in the Victorian Age would allow substantial changes to the plays ending in order to give audiences something slightly more upbeat. Throughout this classic drama, the audience wants to simultaneously slap and embrace King Lear. You want to smack him because he is too stubborn to acknowledge the ones who truly love him. And you want to hug him because he is so misguided and so easily fooled, he allows the evil characters to take advantage of him then abandon him to the storm. Why does it rank so high on my list of tragedies? Perhaps its simply because I am a father, and I cant imagine my daughters sending me out into the cold. (Fingers crossed they are kind to me in my old age!) #1 - Bent This play by Martin Sherman may not be as widely read as the other tragedies previously mentioned, but because of its intense, realistic depiction of concentration camps, execution, anti-Semitism, and homophobia it deserves the highest place among the saddest plays in dramatic literature. Martin Shermans play is set in mid 1930s Germany, and centers around Max, a young gay man who is sent to a concentration camp. He pretends to be Jewish believing that he wont be persecuted as much as the homosexuals in the camp. Max undergoes extreme hardship and witnesses obscene horrors. And yet amid the abject cruelty he is still able to meet someone kind, a fellow prisoner with whom he falls in love. In spite all the barrage of hatred, torture, and indignity, the main characters are still able to mentally transcend their nightmarish surroundings at least for as long as they are together.

Poetry analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Poetry analysis - Essay Example The use of repetition of words all through the poem such as "civil", bring in alliteration to the following or next. Shakespeare chooses to use the repetition of a certain sound in the subsequent line, generating alliteration. Alliteration in the line 5 is not just the repetition of the letter f sound but of bold words. A line filled with harsh sounding fs as well as words of rivalry are pushed up alongside line 6 and appear to be more unhappy than harsh which inform the audience of the expected death of the lovers that were at first believed to be enemy. Lastly, enjambment in the poem embraces the character of the play being clash and the violence paralleling with love as well as predictable disaster. Form as well as content is important aspects in any text as the combination of all inevitably produce the last meaning of the content. Meaning cannot be consequential if there is no substance in which to support a story on and a sequence of literary method for instance those present in the poem of Romeo and Juliet, place a prominence on this content for it to convey the basic idea that Shakespeare is giving out to the

A recent report highlights a large rise in gambling in the UK.Discuss Essay

A recent report highlights a large rise in gambling in the UK.Discuss why this has occurred, whether it is a cause for concern,and, if so, what could be done ab - Essay Example progressive and chronic disorder that encompasses an unrelenting failure to resist impulses to gamble and where this maladaptive behavior disrupts, or damages personal, family, or vocational pursuits’’ (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 615). Problem Gambling is â€Å"persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior that disrupts personal, family or vocational pursuits.† (American Psychiatric Association) â€Å"It avoids the medical and pejorative implications of pathological’’ (Walker & Dickerson, 1996) and the term Problem Gambler’ is used to define someone â€Å"whose gambling is at an earlier stage and to a lesser degree than required by the diagnostic criteria† (Rosenthal, 1989). The third term Compulsive Gambling is more often used by â€Å"laypersons such as Gamblers Anonymous (GA) members†. (Clinical Psychology Review 22 -2002) As this discussion is based on psychology, the main focus would remain on the â€Å"pathological gambling† in order to describe the gambling behaviors. Different forms of gambling are covered by the term PG including casino gambling, pari-mutuels, horse races, lotteries and gaming machines. The pathological gambling has several â€Å"negative impacts on the gamblers’ physical and mental health and performance in vocational situations† (Productivity Commission, 1999). The pathological gamblers often face financial hardships, Interpersonal problems and psychosocial problems in their children. It is also associated with significant problems, including â€Å"suicidal ideation and attempts, marital conflicts, employment problems, alcohol and substance abuse, psychiatric co morbidity and decreased health function†. (Benjamin J. Morasco, Jeremiah Weinstock 2007) During last few decades, there has been a rise in gambling all over the world and in United Kingdom also people are getting addicted of it. Though there are not any specific reasons that convince people to start gambling but there are several factors that

Compare and contrast the consequences of WWI respectively WWII Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast the consequences of WWI respectively WWII Essay WWI and WWII brought an extreme destruction and devastation to the world, certainly the previous wars had also brought devastation, but in a totally different scale. These wars were the biggest in the history of men with unexpectedly huge causalities to every country participating. The technology of warfare had improved beyond the imagination of men, bringing weapons that could kill enormous masses of people within a short period of time. WWI and WWII both had devastating results, far more than expected since each war took more than 10 million lives each and as written in the header, that was much more than any previous war. The cost of the war had gone along the size. Whole Europe fell in large debts from the wars, and there were inflation everywhere, more severe after the first war, and you can almost assume that the leaders of the countries had learnt something at least. Especially the inflation were high under the depression in Germany. The previous optimism from the 19th century was gone, now people had experienced the true horror of war, of the first world war, and after the second world war the horror that it could be repeated, a thought which didnt occur to most people after the first war. Partly due to that many countries changed their ideologies after both wars, countries drew back after the first war, trying to repair some of the devastation, along with the more republics that came, the ideologies became more turned inwards the country above all, we are the better, nationalism is a possible definition, but in many cases, except Germany, who mostly under these years were driven by hatred and revenge against the unfair Versailles treaty, it was more a fear, a paranoia, especially for the French along the Maginot line, walls rose between countries and the whole area were pretty tense, not as tense as before the war, but still everything hadnt faded away. The exception for this was the USA with their attempts to create the League of Nations, but it became very short lived and hadnt the impact it needed for becoming strong. However it planted the seed for the coming UN, which makes another similarity, both wars created these welfare organisations. But after the WWII the countries in Europe again started to look over their own borders, becoming a little more widely minded, countries became more involved in worldwide questions and started with these war-preventative organizations like NATO, trying to prepare for the next war, now that they knew that a repeat of the war werent impossible. These would show themselves useful sooner than expected. Since WWII as well as WWI led to a new conflict, for WWI obviously the WWII, and later for the second, the cold war, although it werent even close to the scale of the previous wars mostly due to the fact that it didnt blossom to the war it were predicted to. Both wars also had an enormous impact on the economy in Europe. Among others huge economic debts piled up for each country involved. Furthermore the countries lost labour, since they got killed in the war. This was a downfall for the economy but to make up for some of the scarcity of labour women got to work in the factories, something which earlier was unthinkable, especially in the first world war. A general opinion of men during the late 19th century and the early 20th century was that women should be at home, taking care of the family etc, while men should work, providing the family with money. Although women was accepted working in factories to a great extent in the second world war, compared to the first and especiallty the time before, it would take a lot of more years before a women, not during war time should work. This also provided to the new liberal ideologies after the Second World War. Moreover things that had an impact on the economic change was the new technical improvements during the wars, since many products was invented as a consequence of the war and also the rate of mass production rose during the first world war. Also due to the enormous cost of the war there were inflation in many countries, one extreme example is Germany after the first world war, the Versailles treaty had put Germany under unimaginable debts. Debts that Germany had no opportunity paying back. Thats the major reason behind the inflation, when in just a few months in 1923 the worth of the mark compared to the dollar rose from 4.6 million to 4.3 trillion, about 1000000 times as much. Also the geography of the world changed after the wars, the borders changed quite a lot, and for example the first world war was the final blow for the Ottoman Empire, the reason that it fell, although it were about to fall anyway this was the spark. Then during the war Austria Hungary fell and the borders changed a lot in the Balkans. Finally, as pointed out the effects are quite similar, the atmospheres after the wars were rather similar, both were tense and allowed for new conflicts to start. The distrust of people for the government rose greatly. Furthermore theres one effect I havent taken up yet, the destruction of the earth after the wars, great parts of Europe were affected, trenches were built, big land parts were bombed, and destructed even whole cities were bombed, then especially the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki under the second world war. Then theres the social trauma, both of the soldiers and the families at home, losing their relatives. But as they are similar, there arent many significant differences, probably the biggest were however the fact that no country did demand any compensation for the war, then there were no opportunity of a scenario like the one of Germany after the First World War to occur another time. Even though there also were positive sides on the war like the great leap in technology the overall effects were greatly negative, both wars had devastating effects.

Essay --

Muhammad was a revolutionary he broke many customary ways and beliefs. Muhammad’s revolution affected all aspects of life. His peace ended disputes of families, tribes and nations but most importantly with all human nature. To Muhammad religion was a comprehensive concept. It was also a set of dogmas and doctrines alone with rituals and ceremonies. Religion was a way of life for Muhammad. He came raise mankind to a higher place of peace and progress. Before the rise of Islam Arabia was a desert wasteland who’s once great trading cities have fallen on hard times. Arabia is the last of inhabited lands towards the south, and it is the only country, which produces frankincense, myrrh, cassia, cinnamon, and laudanum. (1) The population was divided into rival tribes and clans that worshiped local gods. In the uninhabitable desert zones a wide variety of Bedouin cultures had developed over the centuries based on camel and goat herding. Towns and agriculture flourished on a limited scale. Over the peninsula the camel nomads, organized in clans were dominant. Although urban Islam had been pressured by writers of the Muslim civilization, the Bedouin world, in which the religion came, shaped the career of its prophet, his teachings, and the spread of new beliefs. Mecca and Medina were large extensions of the tribal culture of the camel nomads. Their populations were linked to kingship by Bedouin peoples. Bedouin herders occupied most of the habitable portions of Arabia. Farmers and town dwellers carved out small communities in the western and southern parts of the peninsula. Foreign invasion in the inroads of Bedouins people had all but destroyed the civilization before the birth of Muhammad. Mecca, located in the mountainous regions along ... ... In both his revelations and personal behavior Muhammad joined his followers to be kind and generous to the people including slaves. He forbad the rich to exploit the poor through unrealistic rents or rates on interests for loans. In his last sermon he states, â€Å"Remember, one day you will appear before ALLAH and answer for your deeds. So beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I am gone†. (3) The prophet’s teachings and the revelations of the Koran soon were incorporated into an extensive body of law. This regulated most aspects of the lives of the Muslim faithful. They lived in a manor that would prepare them for the last judgment which in Islam would determine there fate in eternity a strong but compassionate god with a strict but socially minded body of law set impressive standards for the social interaction between adherence of the new faith.