Compare and contrast the consequences of WWI respectively WWII Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast the consequences of WWI respectively WWII Essay WWI and WWII brought an extreme destruction and devastation to the world, certainly the previous wars had also brought devastation, but in a totally different scale. These wars were the biggest in the history of men with unexpectedly huge causalities to every country participating. The technology of warfare had improved beyond the imagination of men, bringing weapons that could kill enormous masses of people within a short period of time. WWI and WWII both had devastating results, far more than expected since each war took more than 10 million lives each and as written in the header, that was much more than any previous war. The cost of the war had gone along the size. Whole Europe fell in large debts from the wars, and there were inflation everywhere, more severe after the first war, and you can almost assume that the leaders of the countries had learnt something at least. Especially the inflation were high under the depression in Germany. The previous optimism from the 19th century was gone, now people had experienced the true horror of war, of the first world war, and after the second world war the horror that it could be repeated, a thought which didnt occur to most people after the first war. Partly due to that many countries changed their ideologies after both wars, countries drew back after the first war, trying to repair some of the devastation, along with the more republics that came, the ideologies became more turned inwards the country above all, we are the better, nationalism is a possible definition, but in many cases, except Germany, who mostly under these years were driven by hatred and revenge against the unfair Versailles treaty, it was more a fear, a paranoia, especially for the French along the Maginot line, walls rose between countries and the whole area were pretty tense, not as tense as before the war, but still everything hadnt faded away. The exception for this was the USA with their attempts to create the League of Nations, but it became very short lived and hadnt the impact it needed for becoming strong. However it planted the seed for the coming UN, which makes another similarity, both wars created these welfare organisations. But after the WWII the countries in Europe again started to look over their own borders, becoming a little more widely minded, countries became more involved in worldwide questions and started with these war-preventative organizations like NATO, trying to prepare for the next war, now that they knew that a repeat of the war werent impossible. These would show themselves useful sooner than expected. Since WWII as well as WWI led to a new conflict, for WWI obviously the WWII, and later for the second, the cold war, although it werent even close to the scale of the previous wars mostly due to the fact that it didnt blossom to the war it were predicted to. Both wars also had an enormous impact on the economy in Europe. Among others huge economic debts piled up for each country involved. Furthermore the countries lost labour, since they got killed in the war. This was a downfall for the economy but to make up for some of the scarcity of labour women got to work in the factories, something which earlier was unthinkable, especially in the first world war. A general opinion of men during the late 19th century and the early 20th century was that women should be at home, taking care of the family etc, while men should work, providing the family with money. Although women was accepted working in factories to a great extent in the second world war, compared to the first and especiallty the time before, it would take a lot of more years before a women, not during war time should work. This also provided to the new liberal ideologies after the Second World War. Moreover things that had an impact on the economic change was the new technical improvements during the wars, since many products was invented as a consequence of the war and also the rate of mass production rose during the first world war. Also due to the enormous cost of the war there were inflation in many countries, one extreme example is Germany after the first world war, the Versailles treaty had put Germany under unimaginable debts. Debts that Germany had no opportunity paying back. Thats the major reason behind the inflation, when in just a few months in 1923 the worth of the mark compared to the dollar rose from 4.6 million to 4.3 trillion, about 1000000 times as much. Also the geography of the world changed after the wars, the borders changed quite a lot, and for example the first world war was the final blow for the Ottoman Empire, the reason that it fell, although it were about to fall anyway this was the spark. Then during the war Austria Hungary fell and the borders changed a lot in the Balkans. Finally, as pointed out the effects are quite similar, the atmospheres after the wars were rather similar, both were tense and allowed for new conflicts to start. The distrust of people for the government rose greatly. Furthermore theres one effect I havent taken up yet, the destruction of the earth after the wars, great parts of Europe were affected, trenches were built, big land parts were bombed, and destructed even whole cities were bombed, then especially the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki under the second world war. Then theres the social trauma, both of the soldiers and the families at home, losing their relatives. But as they are similar, there arent many significant differences, probably the biggest were however the fact that no country did demand any compensation for the war, then there were no opportunity of a scenario like the one of Germany after the First World War to occur another time. Even though there also were positive sides on the war like the great leap in technology the overall effects were greatly negative, both wars had devastating effects.

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Muhammad was a revolutionary he broke many customary ways and beliefs. Muhammad’s revolution affected all aspects of life. His peace ended disputes of families, tribes and nations but most importantly with all human nature. To Muhammad religion was a comprehensive concept. It was also a set of dogmas and doctrines alone with rituals and ceremonies. Religion was a way of life for Muhammad. He came raise mankind to a higher place of peace and progress. Before the rise of Islam Arabia was a desert wasteland who’s once great trading cities have fallen on hard times. Arabia is the last of inhabited lands towards the south, and it is the only country, which produces frankincense, myrrh, cassia, cinnamon, and laudanum. (1) The population was divided into rival tribes and clans that worshiped local gods. In the uninhabitable desert zones a wide variety of Bedouin cultures had developed over the centuries based on camel and goat herding. Towns and agriculture flourished on a limited scale. Over the peninsula the camel nomads, organized in clans were dominant. Although urban Islam had been pressured by writers of the Muslim civilization, the Bedouin world, in which the religion came, shaped the career of its prophet, his teachings, and the spread of new beliefs. Mecca and Medina were large extensions of the tribal culture of the camel nomads. Their populations were linked to kingship by Bedouin peoples. Bedouin herders occupied most of the habitable portions of Arabia. Farmers and town dwellers carved out small communities in the western and southern parts of the peninsula. Foreign invasion in the inroads of Bedouins people had all but destroyed the civilization before the birth of Muhammad. Mecca, located in the mountainous regions along ... ... In both his revelations and personal behavior Muhammad joined his followers to be kind and generous to the people including slaves. He forbad the rich to exploit the poor through unrealistic rents or rates on interests for loans. In his last sermon he states, â€Å"Remember, one day you will appear before ALLAH and answer for your deeds. So beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I am gone†. (3) The prophet’s teachings and the revelations of the Koran soon were incorporated into an extensive body of law. This regulated most aspects of the lives of the Muslim faithful. They lived in a manor that would prepare them for the last judgment which in Islam would determine there fate in eternity a strong but compassionate god with a strict but socially minded body of law set impressive standards for the social interaction between adherence of the new faith.

Graduate unemployment Essay

The rising unemployment rate among fresh university graduates today is an upsetting trend. Now the pool of unemployed graduates is rising to worrying levels even in some high-growth economies. This is due to several factors or causes that result in the increase of the unemployment rate today. This article brings and discusses the main causes and issues/effects on the unemployment of many fresh graduates. It is expected that this study of unemployment will achieve the objective and highlights of some important issues which relate to unemployment in graduates. The main cause of unemployment among graduates would be the lack of professional connections. (Alyssa Davis, 2014) For a fresh graduate, it is not often easier to find valuable contacts to recommend a job or get recommended. A valuable connection not only guides them in right direction but also helps fresh graduates to step into a job easily. Employers are followers of technology. They are in a constant search for a common connection that can fit in a vacant position in his organisation. Another cause of unemployment among graduates would be the lack of experience. Fresh graduates often do not have any practical experience of work. (Heidi, 2014) The lack of experience interrupts their job application and causes a significant delay in their employment. The career portfolio of a graduate is important to make up with his/her inexperience. They can attend on-job training programs and internships to demonstrate their working skill and talent in looking for a suitable job. Besides that, the causes of unemployment may also be due to economic crisis and recession. It is a common problem because businesses stop making as much money and have to result in less or no employment of fresh graduates. Unskilled and inexperienced workers such as fresh university graduates will suffer unemployment due to the fact that most employers will be looking for professional workers with a certain set of working skill to maintain the company’s performance during a recession. (Will Kimball, 2014) Effects of unemployment among graduates would be primarily financial issues. Graduates usually do not have enough savings or source of a stable income to support themselves, majority of them will face insufficient use of money daily. With the lost income and the frustration involved in it, the recently unemployed may develop negative attitudes toward common things in life and may feel that all sense of purpose is lost. Also, the effect of unemployment would include the loss of valuable skills  and talent of fresh graduates. The unemployed is not able to put his/her skills to use. And in a situation where it goes on for too long the person may have to lose some of his/her skills that is critical to their success in their field of study. To further complicate the situation, the longer the unemployed graduate is out of job the more difficult it becomes to find a new one. Employers find employment gasps as a negative aspect. No one wants to hire a person who has been out of work for some time even when there’s no fault of the individual per say. In conclusion, if the unemployment issue among graduates is not solved, creation of problems to the unemployed graduates, nations, society and even the country will certainly arise. Furthermore, if the nation’s unemployment continues to be severing, riots and insurgency will be occurring across the country and halting the country trading. A significant lost towards the nation will arise due to this serious problem. Therefore, more on-job training, internships, proper guidance and counselling will help many graduates understand the causes of unemployment. (588 words) 2) Outline of the essay Causes Unemployment among graduates would be the lack of professional connections. Unemployment among graduates would be the lack of experience. Fresh graduates often do not have any practical experience of work Trend of many fresh graduates seeking high income and professional jobs. Causes of unemployment may also be due to economic crisis and recession. Effects Financial problems of many fresh graduates who do not have any source of savings or income. The effect of unemployment would include the loss of valuable skills and talent of fresh graduates. The unemployed is not able to put his/her skills to use

Movie Analysis Spartacus - 1983 Words

Harrison Tobin Zeiner-Carmichael Maymester 2015 Film Analysis Spartacus: Film Analysis Spartacus, directed by Stanley Kubrick in 1960, is a magnificent Roman tale that represents the passionate and fanatical care that Spartacus, a Thracian slave, ensured for countless innocent slaves and citizens despite the detrimental disadvantage that this massive group of people endured for multiple years. It all began when Lentulus Batiatus, a Roman â€Å"lanista† businessman, ventured to North Africa in order to find healthy and vigorous slaves so they could be trained and eventually formed into combat gladiators. Spartacus is a muscular man, therefore he is chosen by Batiatus. Through a series of events, Marcus Licinius Crassus, who is the richest and most powerful man in Rome, enters the gladiator school and insists on seeing a â€Å"fight to the death.† Eventually, Spartacus is chosen to duel with Draba; and surprisingly, Draba quickly has Spartacus in a position where he could have easily slayed him, but instead Draba dropped his weapon and attempted to atta ck Crassus before rapidly being stabbed in the back by a Roman soldier. Shortly after this gladiatorial uprising, Crassus hears that slaves have ran free near Mount Vesuvius but does not seem to worry as he downplays them as â€Å"merely just a slave army.† (90, Big Screen Rome) This worries many Roman elites and citizens because â€Å"there are more slaves than Romans.† (90, Big Screen Rome) As Gracchus attempts to persuade Crassus toShow MoreRelatedMovie And Scene Of The Movie Spartacus 1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe popular 1960 film Spartacus, directed by Stanley Kubrick and named after the famous slave revolt leader of the same name, was no exception. Movie and Scene Presentation Summary The film was set in the same setting as the titular protagonist historically started the slave revolt: in Italy, and was especially set in the time of the Roman Empire. Spartacus, the slave, was sold off to a man named Batiatus, who had the slave enrolled into a gladiator school. Soon after, Spartacus and many other gladiatorRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement And Mccarthyism1862 Words   |  8 Pagesto fit historical accuracy and changing contemporary politics. This essay will analyze the general role of Christians and their gradually subdued explicit presence through time in the movies, Quo Vadis (Zimbalist 1951), Ben-Hur (Zimbalist 1959), Spartacus (Douglas 1960), and The Fall of the Roman Empire (Bronston 1964). Quo Vadis has a plot dependent on the plight of innocent, peaceful Christians against the evil tyranny of the â€Å"antichrist,† Nero, which is revealed in the opening narration (ZimbalistRead More Analysis of the Movie Doctor Zhivago Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of the Movie Doctor Zhivago Doctor Zhivago is a historically accurate movie. It is a love story that takes place during the Russian Revolution, World War One, and the Russian Civil War. Doctor Zhivago is historically correct because of the events it represents, the people the actors portray, and the level of detail put into the setting. At the beginning of the movie, there is a scene showing a man handing out flyers asking workers to join him in a peaceful march to protest againstRead MoreBayard Rustin And The Civil Rights Movement1338 Words   |  6 Pageshome (Spartacus Educational Publishers). These events were a great influence on him and can be said to have contributed to his interest in campaigns against the racially discriminatory Jim Crow laws during his teenage years and the civil rights as well as LGBT rights later on in life. It is in high school, where he excelled in academia as well as sports, where Rustin first protested against racial segregation by refusing to sit on a balcony that was reserved for blacks only in the local movie theaterRead MoreEssay about How to Read Literature Like a Professor1562 Words   |  7 Pagesgo there, (d) challenges and trials en route, and (e) a real reason to go there. I believe that almost every literary work consists of a quest, but some are more obvious than others. An example of a quest would be from my all time favorite Disney movie, â€Å"Up†. * (a) A quester: Carl Frederickson (b) A place to go: Paradise Falls (c) A stated reason to go there: When Carl and his wife were younger; they both idolized an explorer named Charles Muntz. They were saving up money to go to ParadiseRead MoreBraveheart Figurative Language1522 Words   |  7 Pages Wu 1 Raymond Wu Instructor: Ian Patrick Cresswell English 100 – 03 22 March 2016 MLA Braveheart Speech: In-depth Analysis Regarding Figurative Language Braveheart is a historical drama epic film from 1995. The film was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won five. The film is non-fictional and depicts the events of William Wallace, a Scottish hero who led the Scots during the First War of Scottish Independence against England. However, despite the historical inaccuracies cited by criticsRead MoreMasculinity in the Media3136 Words   |  13 Pagesvery violent and aggressive lyrics and demeanor compared to bands of previous decades. Products sold to this market have been reinforced as violent masculinity, as rebellious, humorous and â€Å"cool†. The 1985 Rambo film was to many people the ideal movie that represented American masculinity. The film’s dominant strain, is one of an America truly regenerated through violence, a resurrected nation bursting with pride, power, and unabashed aggression that can humble any enemy. President Reagan referred

Social Oppression Virginia Woolf Essay - 1507 Words

The physical and social setting in Mrs. Dalloway sets the mood for the novels principal theme: the theme of social oppression. Social oppression was shown in two ways: the oppression of women as English society returned to its traditional norms and customs after the war, and the oppression of the hard realities of life, concealing these realities with the elegance of English society. This paper discusses the purpose of the city in mirroring the theme of social oppression, focusing on issues of gender oppression, particularly against women, and the oppression of poverty and class discrimination between Londons peasants and the elite class. The theme of oppression against women in Clarissa Dalloways society is very common among†¦show more content†¦(Woolfe, 124). This passage illustrates Clarissas decision to lead her life as expected of her as a woman in English society (Kostkowska, 190). The line of thought, did it matter that she must inevitably cease completelyÂ…did she resent it; or did it not become consoling to believe that death ended absolutely? shows her self-reflection, wanting to justify her deliberate choice to become part of the English society, to blend in it, and to fit the stereotype of what people expected her to be. Clarissas uncertainty uncovers the oppression she feels, despite the fact that she belongs to the privileged class of her society. Just as she had stated, it is inevitable that she be subjected to specific forms of prejudice or discrimination simply because of the fact that she is a woman (Woolf 116). Clarissas acceptance of her fate as the wife of a respected English man is haunted by the fact that she herself does not have an individual identity, and has not a way to express her feelings and frustrations in life, not just as a woman, but as a human individual. It is also significant that in her thoughts, Peter Walsh surfaces as a major figure. In the same manner that she questions her chosen life as a married woman, she also wonders whether she made the right decision when she marriedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Room Of Ones Own By Virginia Woolf1691 Words   |  7 Pagesextrapolated from a series of lectures), author Virginia Woolf sets forth her thesis that a woman has to have money and a room of her own if she is to be a productive writer. She then offers up fictionalized scenarios of how females were oppressed in her lifetime (the book was published in 1929) and even provides a fictionalized, albeit probably accurate, accounting of how this oppression in the 20th century is a continuation of historical female oppression. When examining modern day concepts of literatureRead MoreThe Secretary Chant By Marge Piercy1404 Words   |  6 PagesFemale The struggle of women to achieve equality has been defined in literature in many different accounts. â€Å"Professions for Women† was a speech delivered by Virginia Woolf to a society of young professional women on her own experiences as a published writer, as well as a declaration about the current inferior status of women, and ways in which that status may change. â€Å"The Secretary Chant† by Marge Piercy is a poem depicting a female secretary who is defined by her occupation. The conventionalRead More The Colliding Dynamics of Class Structure Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. Power is concentrated in the hands of a small sector; leaving a few individuals to have more authority and influence, in comparison to others. The construction of class structure identifies the way groups are divided into social positions. Differences stemming from social position are further exemplified by the accessibility to valuable resources–such as wealth, education, occup ation, and status. Those with distinguished command in society have access to these increasingly wide ranges of resourcesRead MoreCharlotte Perkins Gilman, Simone De Beauvoir, and Virginia Woolf: Champions of Equality for Women1507 Words   |  7 Pagesnecessary condition of freedom. In the works by women philosophers Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Simone De Beauvoir, and Virginia Woolf, an analysis on their works shows that these authors believe equality is absolutely a necessary condition of freedom for women. Due to the presence of and dependence on men, women are deprived from using their freedom to expand their knowledge, reason and their social standing. Thus, women don’t need men to be free. There are no circumstances in which inequality to women shouldRead MoreThe Romantic Era to Present802 Words   |  3 PagesFrench writer who lived since January 1908 to April 1986. She was well known for being a political activist, a social theorist, and most importantly a feminist. She made a significant huge impact on the feminist theory and feminist existentialism. She was best known for her famous novels, although Beauvoir wrote anything from novels to biographies, and monographs on politics and social issues. Beauvoir argued that men had made women the Other in society by application of a false aura of mysteryRead MoreA Room Of One s Own By Alice Walker906 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, women have not been treated equally. During the twentieth centuary, two feminist authors, tried to comment on society. In the essay â€Å"In Search of a Room of One’s Own,† written by Virginia Woolf in 1929, she talks about the experiences of women s lives in her two lectures to women at Cambridge University. This was a time just after women in England had gotten the right to vote, but they were still a facing the gender bias. In the essay â€Å"In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens† writtenRead MoreAnalysis Of Didier EribonReturning To R eims And Virginia Woolf1344 Words   |  6 PagesEribon’ Returning to Reims and Virginia Woolf’s A Room of Ones Own, while both authors focus on their own ancestors’ oppression there is an intersectionality between their studied subjects: the discussion of women appears when Eribon talks about the working class, and the discussion of the working class appears when Woolf talks about women. When examines closer on this overlap, it becomes clear that both Eribon and Woolf would agree that there is a greater oppression faced by women of the workingRead MoreThe Oppression of Women in A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Wolf1749 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"For most of history, Anonymous was a woman,† Virginia Woolf once boldly stated. Though she was from a privileged background and was well educated, Woolf still felt she was faced with the oppression that women have been treated with for as far as history goes back. Her education allowed her to explore the works of the most celebrated authors, but one who she had a long and complicated relationship with was the Bard of Avon himself, William Shakespeare. As one of the most highly regarded and wellRead MoreI Was A Secret Code1568 Words   |  7 Pagesself-reflect is by exposure to oneself through a candid lens. Woolf uses this very theory to create a character for Clarissa’s introspection and by means of this contemplation to authentically heal. In Mrs. Dalloway, Virginia Woolf uses the foil characters of Clarissa and Septimus, with parallel plotlines throughout the course of the narrative to highlight criticism on social issues such as mental illness, marriage and existentialism. Woolf creates Septimus as a physical manifestation of Clarissa’sRead MoreThe Woman Author: A Comparative Analysis2449 Words   |  10 Pagesas inferior beings when compared to their male counterparts. This is especially noticeable within the literary canon, where female writers are sparsely included in ‘reputable’ works of literature, let alone incorporated into any canon at all. Virginia Woolf, in her essay titled â€Å"In a Room of One’s Own† (1925), details the apparent trials and tribulations that female writers in the Victorian era experience when attempting to become recognized within a literary community. The female author is revisited

Global Warming And Its Impacts On Earth - 1224 Words

Global warming is phenomena linked to temperature rising because of emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases. It is one of the most important debates of today because of the seriousness of its impact on life on earth. The issue though is debated for its being just a reality or as a theory. Scientists are of the view and they provide evidence as well to support their argument that industrialization and energy utilization has the caused emissions of certain gases in our atmosphere. Those emissions are causing the temperature rise globally. So, in one way or the other, humans are cause of this trouble to the planet earth. They say that the rising temperature is melting glaciers and rising water level which would cause floods. On the other†¦show more content†¦Some like Stephen Leahy have discussed the contribution of each industrial and agricultural country towards temperature rise. He mentions in his article â€Å"Global Temperatures Rising on a Devastating Trajectoryâ₠¬  that the countries agreed to maintain a certain level of temperature rise annually but the agreement is not being followed. Others like Chris Moony talk about the reasons of melting ice glaciers causing threat to life of polar animals. His article â€Å"With enough Evidence, Even Skepticism Will Thaw† extends global warming to its impacts. He talks about melting glaciers and ecosystem. There are others like Johnston, Ian who talks about the impacts of global warming on health. They give different evidences regarding their claims. For example Our industry and energy needs are the basic reasons of global warming. And ironically, developed nations which are playing major role for formulating the global policies are failing to formulate effective policies to control global warming and to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Article â€Å"Record-breaking climate events all over the world are being shaped by global warming, scientists find† published by â€Å"Washington Post† on April 24, 2017 also said that the top most catastrophe events occurred were due to global warming (Chelsea). Though, it says that global warming cannot be blamed for everything thatShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Global Warming On The Earth900 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: The Impact of Global Warming Purpose Statement: To inform my audience about how global warming is impacting the earth. Central Idea: Data shows that all throughout history, the temperature of our planet has changed over and over again for natural reasons. Holli Riebeek, education and outreach specialist at NASA, stated that these changes are due to small shifts in the Earth’s orbit and the Sun’s energy levels varying throughout time. Today, unfortunately, with the average temperature of theRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Impact On Our Earth1676 Words   |  7 Pagesdestruction of our Earth. These issues include air, water, and environmental problems that we, as a global society, contribute to everyday. These concerns create major impacts that pertains to much of the globe and the world in which we inhabit today, compared to the world we lived in 50 years ago. Frequent statements that contribute to the overall thought of global warming include the following: how the community supplies detrimental factors to the Earth to cause global warming, and how can the communityRead MoreGlobal Warm ing And Its Impact On Our Earth1384 Words   |  6 Pagesthat add to the destruction of our Earth. These issues include air, water, and environmental problems that we contribute to everyday. These concerns create major impacts that pertains to much of the globe and the world in which we inhabit today, compared to the world we lived in 50 years ago. Frequent questions that contribute to global warming include the following: how and why does the community supply detrimental factors to the Earth to cause global warming, and how can the community contributeRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Big Problem1320 Words   |  6 PagesGallos English 3 Global Warming Global warming is a big problem and impacts our environment in a negative way because it is heating the Earth. Global warming impacts all of the life around us even though not many people recognize it. There are many problems that global warming will make to our environment and it has already impacted it over time. Although, there are many problems, there are also solutions to stop global warming. Climate change is most closely related to global warming and many scientistsRead MoreEssay about Causes and Effects of Global Warming on Our World1498 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming is a universal concern that has gained worldwide attention. As members of Congress, we have heard and learned new and different facts about the process of Earth. Some causes and effects of global warming are easy to understand, with substantial evidence, yet there are still unanswered questions and reasoning as to why global warming is occurring. This essay is to outline the background of global warming an d to display opposing viewpoints. Since there is not enough evidential researchRead MoreGlobal Warming Forewords Global warming is the result of a large concentration of CO2 and1400 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Forewords Global warming is the result of a large concentration of CO2 and greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and emissions are held responsible for this situation developing. The climate change is the result, and a factor of global warming. There are several factors impacting global warming, and these include ozone layer depletion, carbon cycle, pollution, human actions, and orbit of the earth. There is a debateRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The World1267 Words   |  6 Pages Over the course of the years global warming has become a threatening issue that scientists and the government have been cognizant about. Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. The earth periodically warms up and cools down. The Earth is currently going through a warming trend that coincides with the industrial revolution. ThisRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Our Planet s Ecosystem1173 Words   |  5 PagesMother Earth is burning as we speak; humanity has killed our precious Earth. Global-warming is a vicious killer that was created by the humans on this Earth, and there s no way to cure it. We, as humans, have the power to cleanse the Earth, but instead we destroy it. Heat is absorbed by carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorbs thermal radiation emitted by the Earth s surface. As th e sun s energy reaches the Earth’s surface, some of it is released into space, some is absorbedRead MoreThe Effects of Global Warming Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesis the global warming. Look at the events that shook us in the past few years – heat, fire, storm, and flood, all this is like mother earth is warning us about something. These extreme weather conditions, which used to occur once or twice in a decade, are happening more frequently, due to global warming. Causes of global warming are plenty. But, before going into the causes, let me share the experience with the survey conducted on the questions given, and look at what people think of global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Impact On The World1042 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming Yarely Juarez Jack F.Macy Intermediate School Abstract Global warming is a topic that concern many scientists and other people. lbis paper will be stating on the causes,history, technology, and etc. Inthis research paper you will find most of the history of global warming, how it has had a impact on the world, how it impacts us and our daily lives, and etc. Also I (Yarely Juarez) will be stating what are the planning or direction of this technology. Many 7t11

How to Get Free Essays Without Submitting Free Essays

string(32) " formalized the following year\." Entries and relative size According to the publishers, it would take a single person 120 years to type the 59 million words of the OED second edition, 60 years to proofread it, and 540 megabytes to store it electronically. [4] As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries. Supplementing the entry headwords, there are 157,000 bold-type combinations and derivatives; 169,000 italicized-bold phrases and combinations; 616,500 word-forms in total, including 137,000 pronunciations; 249,300 etymologies; 577,000 cross-references; and 2,412,400 usage quotations. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Get Free Essays Without Submitting or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dictionary’s latest, complete print edition (Second Edition, 1989) was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, which required 60,000 words to describe some 430 senses. As entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007. [5] Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the world’s largest nor earliest dictionary. The Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, which has similar aims to the OED, is the largest and it took twice as long to complete. The earliest large dictionary is the Grimm brothers’ dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838 and completed in 1961. The first edition of the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, which is the first great dictionary devoted to a modern European language (Italian), was published in 1612; the first edition of Dictionnaire de l’Academie francaise dates from 1694. The first edition of the official dictionary of Spanish, the Diccionario de la lengua espanola (produced, edited, and published by the Real Academia Espanola) was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published even earlier, in 1716. The OED’s official policy is to attempt to record a word’s most-known usages and variants in all varieties of English past and present, worldwide. Per the 1933 â€Å"Preface†: The aim of this Dictionary is to present in alphabetical series the words that have formed the English vocabulary from the time of the earliest records [ca. AD740] down to the present day, with all the relevant facts concerning their form, sense-history, pronunciation, and etymology. It embraces not only the standard language of literature and conversation, whether current at the moment, or obsolete, or archaic, but also the main technical vocabulary, and a large measure of dialectal usage and slang. It continues: Hence we exclude all words that had become obsolete by 1150 [the end of the Old English era] †¦ Dialectal words and forms which occur since 1500 are not admitted, except when they continue the history of the word or sense once in general use, illustrate the history of a word, or have themselves a certain literary currency. The OED is the focus of much scholarly work about English words. Its headword variant spellings order list influences written English in English-speaking countries. [citation needed] [edit] History [edit] Origins At first, the dictionary was unconnected to Oxford University but was the idea of a small group of intellectuals in London;[6] it originally was a Philological Society project conceived in London by Richard Chenevix Trench, Herbert Coleridge, and Frederick Furnivall, who were dissatisfied with the current English dictionaries. In June 1857, they formed an â€Å"Unregistered Words Committee† to search for unlisted and undefined words lacking in current dictionaries. In November, Trench’s report was not a list of unregistered words; instead, it was the study On Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, which identified seven distinct shortcomings in contemporary dictionaries: Incomplete coverage of obsolete words Inconsistent coverage of families of related words Incorrect dates for earliest use of words History of obsolete senses of words often omitted Inadequate distinction among synonyms Insufficient use of good illustrative quotations Space wasted on inappropriate or redundant content. The Philological Society, however, ultimately realized that the number of unlisted words would be far more than the number of words in the English dictionaries of the 19th century. The Society eventually shifted their idea from only words that were not already in English dictionaries to a more comprehensive project. Trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive new dictionary. [7] Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips. In 1858, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title â€Å"A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles† (NED). [edit] Early editors Richard Chenevix Trench played the key role in the project’s first months, but his ecclesiastical career meant that he could not give the dictionary project the time required, easily ten years[citation needed]; he withdrew, and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor. Frederick Furnivall, 1825–1910On 12 May 1860, Coleridge’s dictionary plan was published, and research started. His house was the first editorial office. He arrayed 100,000 quotation slips in a 54-pigeon-hole grid. In April 1861, the group published the first sample pages; later that month, the thirty-one-year old Coleridge died of tuberculosis. Furnivall then became editor; he was enthusiastic and knowledgeable, yet temperamentally ill-suited for the work. [8] Many volunteer readers eventually lost interest in the project as Furnivall failed to keep them motivated. Furthermore, many of the slips had been misplaced. Recruited assistants handled two tons of quotation slips and other materials. Furnivall understood the need for an efficient excerpting system, and instituted several prefatory projects. In 1864, he founded the Early English Text Society, and in 1868, he founded the Chaucer Society for preparing general benefit editions of immediate value to the dictionary project. The compilation lasted 21 years. [citation needed] In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccessfully attempted to recruit both Henry Sweet and Henry Nicol to succeed him. He then approached James Murray, who accepted the post of editor. In the late 1870s, Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the dictionary. In 1878, Oxford University Press agreed with Murray to proceed with the massive project; the agreement was formalized the following year. You read "How to Get Free Essays Without Submitting" in category "Essay examples" [9] The dictionary project finally had a publisher 20 years after the idea was conceived. It would be another 50 years before the entire dictionary was complete. Despite the participation of some 800 volunteer readers, the technology of paper-and-ink was the major drawback regarding the arbitrary choices of relatively untrained volunteers about â€Å"what to read and select† and â€Å"what to discard. â€Å"[cite this quote][clarification needed] Late in his editorship Murray learned that one prolific reader W. C. Minor was a criminal lunatic. [10] Minor, a Yale University trained surgeon and military officer in the U. S. Civil War, was confined to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane after killing a man in London. The story of Minor and Murray is told in Simon Winchester’s The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary[11] (U. S. title – elsewhere The Surgeon of Crowthorne: a tale of murder, madness and the love of words). Minor invented his own quotation-tracking system allowing him to submit slips on specific words in response to editors’ requests. edit] Oxford editors James Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury RoadDuring the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned with the process of publishing a dictionary with such an immense scope. Although they had pages printed by publishers, no publication agreement was reached; both the Cambridge University Press and the Oxford University Press were approa ched. Finally, in 1879, after two years’ negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray, the OUP agreed to publish the dictionary and to pay the editor, Murray, who was also the Philological Society president. The dictionary was to be published as interval fascicles, with the final form in four 6,400-page volumes. They hoped to finish the project in ten years. Murray started the project, working in a corrugated iron outbuilding, the â€Å"Scriptorium†, which was lined with wooden planks, book shelves, and 1,029 pigeon-holes for the quotation slips. He tracked and regathered Furnivall’s collection of quotation slips, which were found to concentrate on rare, interesting words rather than common usages: for instance, there were ten times as many quotations for abusion than for abuse. citation needed] Through newspapers distributed to bookshops and libraries, he appealed for readers who would report â€Å"as many quotations as you can for ordinary words† and for words that were â€Å"rare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new, peculiar or used in a peculiar way. â€Å"[cite this quote] Murray had American philologist and liberal-arts-college professor Francis March manage the co llection in North America; 1,000 quotation slips arrived daily to the Scriptorium, and by 1882, there were 3,500,000. The first Dictionary fascicle was published on 1 February 1884—-twenty-three years after Coleridge’s sample pages. The full title was A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society; the 352-page volume, words from A to Ant, cost 12s. 6d or U. S. $3. 25. The total sales were a disappointing 4,000 copies. [citation needed] The OUP saw it would take too long to complete the work with unrevised editorial arrangements. Accordingly, new assistants were hired and two new demands were made on Murray. The first was that he move from Mill Hill to Oxford; he did, in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on his new property. The 78 Banbury Road, Oxford, house, erstwhile residence of James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English DictionaryMurray resisted the second demand: that if he could not meet schedule, he must hire a second, senior editor to work in parallel to him, outside his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet. Murray did not want to share the work, feeling he would accelerate his work pace with experience. citation needed] That turned out not to be so, and Philip Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murray’s assistant Henry Bradley (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in the British Museum in London, beginning in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved to Oxford University. Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business concerns—containing costs and speedy production—to the point where the project’s collap se seemed likely. Newspapers[specify] reported the harassment, and public opinion backed the editors. Gell was fired, and the University reversed his cost policies. If the editors felt that the Dictionary would have to grow larger, it would; it was an important work, and worth the time and money to properly finish. Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to see it. Murray died in 1915, having been responsible for words starting with A-D, H-K, O-P and T, nearly half the finished dictionary; Bradley died in 1923, having completed E-G, L-M, S-Sh, St and W-We. By then two additional editors had been promoted from assistant work to independent work, continuing without much trouble. William Craigie, starting in 1901, was responsible for N, Q-R, Si-Sq, U-V and Wo-Wy. Whereas previously the OUP had thought London too far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor. The fourth editor was C. T. Onions, who, starting in 1914, compiled the remaining ranges, Su-Sz, Wh-Wo and X-Z. It was around this time that J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range [12]; he parodied the principal editors as â€Å"The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford† in the story Farmer Giles of Ham. Julian Barnes also was an employee; he was said[who? ] to dislike the work. [edit] Fascicles By early 1894 a total of 11 fascicles had been published, or about one per year: four for A-B, five for C, and two for E. Of these, eight were 352 pages long, while the last one in each group was shorter to end at the letter break (which would eventually become a volume break). At this point it was decided to publish the work in smaller and more frequent instalments: once every three months, beginning in 1895, there would now be a fascicle of 4 pages, priced at 2s. 6d. or $1 U. S. If enough material was ready, 128 or even 192 pages would be published together. This pace was maintained until World War I forced reductions in staff. Each time enough consecutive pages were available, the same material was also published in the original larger fascicles. Also in 1895, the title Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used. It then appeared only on the outer covers of the fascicles; the original title was still the official one and was used everywhere else. The 125th and last fascicle, covering words from Wise to the end of W, was published on 19 April 1928, and the full Dictionary in bound volumes followed immediately. The early modern English prose of Sir Thomas Browne is probably the most frequently quoted source of neologisms in the completed dictionary. William Shakespeare is the most-quoted writer, with Hamlet his most-quoted work. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) is the most-quoted woman writer. Collectively, the Bible is the most-quoted work (but in many different translations); the most-quoted single work is Cursor Mundi. edit] Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement Between 1928 and 1933 enough additional material had been compiled to make a one volume supplement so the dictionary was reissued as the set of 12 volumes and a one-volume supplement in 1933. [edit] Second Supplement and Second Edition In 1933 Oxford had finally put the Dictionary to rest; all work ended, and the quotation slips went into storage. However, the English language continued to change, and by the time 20 years had passed, the Dictionary was outdated. There were three possible ways to update it. The cheapest would have been to leave the existing work alone and simply compile a new supplement of perhaps one or two volumes; but then anyone looking for a word or sense and unsure of its age would have to look in three different places. The most convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and retypeset, with each change included in its proper alphabetical place; but this would have been the most expensive option, with perhaps 15 volumes required to be produced. The OUP chose a middle approach: combining the new material with the existing supplement to form a larger replacement supplement. Robert Burchfield was hired in 1957 to edit the second supplement; Onions, who turned 84 that year, was still able to make some contributions as well. Burchfield emphasized the inclusion of modern-day language, and through the supplement the dictionary was expanded to include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of science and technology, as well as popular culture and colloquial speech. Burchfield also broadened the scope to include developments of the language in English-speaking regions beyond the United Kingdom, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Caribbean. The work was expected to take seven to ten years. [citation needed] It actually took 29 years, by which time the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting with A, H, O and Sea. They were published in 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, bringing the complete dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement. By this time it was clear that the full text of the Dictionary would now need to be computerized. Achieving this would require retyping it once, but thereafter it would always be accessible for computer searching — as well as for whatever new editions of the dictionary might be desired, starting with an integration of the supplementary volumes and the main text. Preparation for this process began in 1983, and editorial work started the following year under the administrative direction of Timothy J. Benbow, with John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner as co-editors. Editing an entry of the NOED using LEXXAnd so the New Oxford English Dictionary (NOED) project began. More than 120 keyboarders of the International Computaprint Corporation in Tampa, Florida, and Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, USA, started keying in over 350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in England. Retyping the text alone was not sufficient; all the information represented by the complex typography of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was done by marking up the content in SGML. A specialized search engine and display software were also needed to access it. Under a 1985 agreement, some of this software work was done at the University of Waterloo, Canada, at the Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary, led by Frank Tompa and Gaston Gonnet; this search technology went on to become the basis for the Open Text Corporation. Computer hardware, database and other software, development managers, and programmers for the project were donated by the British subsidiary of IBM; the colour syntax-directed editor for the project, LEXX, was written by Mike Cowlishaw of IBM. [13] The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to design the database. A. Walton Litz, an English professor at Princeton University who served on the Oxford University Press advisory council, was quoted in Time as saying â€Å"I’ve never been associated with a project, I’ve never even heard of a project, that was so incredibly complicated and that met every deadline. â€Å"[14] By 1989 the NOED project had achieved its primary goals, and the editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text, Burchfield’s supplement, and a small amount of newer material, into a single unified dictionary. The word â€Å"new† was again dropped from the name, and the Second Edition of the OED, or the OED2, was published. The first edition retronymically became the OED1. The OED2 was printed in 20 volumes. For the first time, there was no attempt to start them on letter boundaries, and they were made roughly equal in size. The 20 volumes started with A, B. B. C. , Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat, Interval, Look, Moul, Ow, Poise, Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru, Unemancipated, and Wave. Although the content of the OED2 is mostly just a reorganization of the earlier corpus, the retypesetting provided an opportunity for two long-needed format changes. The headword of each entry was no longer capitalized, allowing the user to readily see those words that actually require a capital letter. Also, whereas Murray had devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard available at the time, the OED2 adopted the modern International Phonetic Alphabet. Unlike the earlier edition, all foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated. The British quiz show Countdown has awarded the leather-bound complete version to the champions of each series since its inception in 1982. When the print version of the second edition was published in 1989, the response was enthusiastic. The author Anthony Burgess declared it â€Å"the greatest publishing event of the century,† as quoted by Dan Fisher of the Los Angeles Times (25 March 1989). [cite this quote] TIME dubbed the book â€Å"a scholarly Everest,†[14] and Richard Boston, writing for the London Guardian (24 March 1989), called it â€Å"one of the wonders of the world. â€Å"[cite this quote] New material was published in the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, which consisted of two small volumes in 1993, and a third in 1997, bringing the dictionary to a total of 23 volumes. Each of the supplements added about 3,000 new definitions. However, no more Additions volumes are planned, and it is not expected that any part of the Third Edition, or OED3, will be printed in fascicles. [edit] Compact editions In 1971, the 13-volume OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume, Compact Edition, by photographically reducing each page to one-half its linear dimensions; each compact edition page held four OED1 pages in a four-up (â€Å"4-up†) format. The two volume letters were A and P; the Supplement was at the second volume’s end. The Compact Edition included, in a small slip-case drawer, a magnifying glass to help in reading reduced type. Many copies were inexpensively distributed through book clubs. In 1987, the second Supplement was published as a third volume to the Compact Edition. In 1991, for the OED2, the compact edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions, a nine-up (â€Å"9-up†) format requiring greater magnification, but allowing publication of a single-volume dictionary. It was accompanied by a agnifying glass as before and A User’s Guide to the â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary†, by Donna Lee Berg. After these volumes were published, though, book club offers commonly continued to sell the two-volume 1971 Compact Edition. [edit] Electronic versions A screenshot of the first version of the OED Second Edition CD-ROM software. Once the text of the dictionary was digitized and online, it was also available to be published on CD-ROM. The text of the First Ed ition was made available in 1988. Afterward, three versions of the second edition were issued. Version 1 (1992) was identical in content to the printed Second Edition, and the CD itself was not copy-protected. Version 2 (1999) had some additions to the corpus, and updated software with improved searching features, but it had clumsy copy-protection that made it difficult to use and would even cause the program to deny use to OUP staff in the midst of demonstrating the product. [citation needed] Version 3. 0 was released in 2002 with additional words and software improvements, though its copy-protection remained as unforgiving as that of the earlier version. Version 3. 1. 1 (2007) includes a return to the less restrictive nature of version 1, with support for hard disk installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the dictionary. It has been reported that this version will work on operating systems other than Microsoft Windows, using emulation programs. [15][16] Version 4. 0 of the CD, available since June 2009, works with Windows 7 and, for the first time ever, with Mac OS X (10. 4 or later). [17][18] This version will use the CD drive for installation, running only from the hard drive. On 14 March 2000, the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) became available to subscribers. [19] The online database contains the entire OED2 and is updated quarterly with revisions that will be included in the OED3 (see below). The online edition is the most up-to-date version of the dictionary available. Whilst the OED web site is not optimised for mobile devices, they have stated that there are plans to provide an API which would enable developers to develop different interfaces for querying the OED. [20] As the price for an individual to use this edition, even after a reduction in 2004, is ? 95 or US$295 every year, most subscribers are large organizations such as universities. Some of them do not use the Oxford English Dictionary Online portal and have legally downloaded the entire database into their organization’s computers. [citation needed] Some public libraries and companies have subscribed as well, including, in March and April 2006, most public libraries i n England, Wales, and New Zealand;[21][22][23] any person belonging to a library subscribing to the service is able to use the service from their own home. Another method of payment was introduced in 2004, offering residents of North or South America the opportunity to pay US$29. 95 a month to access the online site. [edit] Third Edition The planned Third Edition, or OED3, is intended as a nearly complete overhaul of the work. Each word is being examined and revised to improve the accuracy of the definitions, derivations, pronunciations, and historical quotations—a task requiring the efforts of a staff consisting of more than 300 scholars, researchers, readers, and consultants, and projected to cost about $55 million. The result is expected to double the overall length of the text. The style of the dictionary will also change slightly. The original text was more literary, in that most of the quotations were taken from novels, plays, and other literary sources. The new edition, however, will reference all manner of printed resources, such as cookbooks, wills, technical manuals, specialist journals, and rock lyrics. The pace of inclusion of new words has been increased to the rate of about 4,000 a year. The estimated date of completion is 2037. [24][25] New content can be viewed through the OED Online or on the periodically updated CD-ROM edition. As of 1993, John Simpson is the Chief Editor. Since the first work by each editor tends to require more revision than his later, more polished work, (work on the first edition was begun at A) it was decided to balance out this effect, by performing the early, and perhaps itself less polished, work of the current revision at a letter other than A. Accordingly, the main work of the OED3 has been proceeding in sequence from the letter M. When the OED Online was launched in March 2000, it included the first batch of revised entries (officially described as draft entries), stretching from M to mahurat, and successive sections of text have since been released on a quarterly basis; by March 2010, the revised section had reached Rg. As new work is done on words in other parts of the alphabet, this is also included in each quarterly release. In March 2008, the editors announced that they would alternate each quarter between moving forward in the alphabet as before and updating â€Å"key English words from across the alphabet, along with the other words which make up the alphabetical cluster surrounding them. † The production of the new edition takes full advantage of computers, particularly since the June 2005 inauguration of the whimsically named â€Å"Perfect All-Singing All-Dancing Editorial and Notation Application†, or â€Å"Pasadena. With this XML-based system, the attention of lexicographers can be directed more to matters of content than to presentation issues such as the numbering of definitions. The new system has also simplified the use of the quotations database, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on the Dictionary in the same way as their Oxford-based counterparts. [26] Other important computer uses include internet searches for evidence of current usage, and e-mail submissions of quotations by readers and the general public. Wordhunt was a 2005 appeal to the general public for help in providing citations for 50 selected recent words, and produced antedatings for many. The results were reported in a BBC TV series, Balderdash and Piffle. The OED’s small army of devoted readers continue to contribute quotations; the department currently receives about 200,000 a year. [edit] Spelling Main article: Oxford spelling The OED lists British headword spellings (e. g. labour, centre) with variants following (labor, center, etc. ). For the suffix more commonly spelt -ise in British English, OUP policy dictates a preference for the spelling -ize, e. . realize vs realise and globalization vs globalisation. The rationale is partly linguistic, that the English suffix mainly derives from the Greek suffix - , (-izo), or the Latin -izare; however, -ze is also an Americanism insofar as the -ze suffix has crept into words where it did not originally belong, as with analyse (British English), which is spelt analyze in A merican English. [27] See also -ise/-ize at American and British English spelling differences. The sentence â€Å"The group analysed labour statistics published by the organization† is an example of OUP practice. This spelling (indicated with the registered IANA language tag en-GB-oed) is used by the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the International Organization for Standardization, and many British academic publications, such as Nature, the Biochemical Journal, and The Times Literary Supplement. [edit] Criticisms Despite its claim of authority[citation needed] on the English language, the Oxford English Dictionary has been criticised from various angles. Indeed, it has become a target precisely because of its massiveness, its claims to authority, and, above all, its influence. In his review of the 1982 supplement, University of Oxford linguist Roy Harris writes that criticizing the OED is extremely difficult because â€Å"one is dealing not just with a dictionary but with a national institution†, one that â€Å"has become, like the English monarchy, virtually immune from criticism in principle†. [28] Harris also criticises what he sees as the â€Å"black-and-white lexicography† of the Dictionary, by which he means its reliance upon printed language over spoken—and then only privileged forms of printing. He further notes that, while neologisms from respected â€Å"literary† authors such as Samuel Beckett and Virginia Woolf are included, usage of words in newspapers or other, less â€Å"respectable†, sources hold less sway, although they may be commonly used. [28] In contrast, Tim Bray, co-creator of Extensible Markup Language (XML), credits the OED as the developing inspiration of that markup language. Similarly, the author Anu Garg, founder of Wordsmith. org, has called the Oxford English Dictionary a â€Å"lex icon. † [29] [edit] See also Canadian Oxford Dictionary Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English Concise Oxford English Dictionary New Oxford American Dictionary Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Oxford Dictionary of English Shorter Oxford English Dictionary [edit] Notes ^ OED2 from Amazon. com ^ Oxford University Press ^ OED is through Rg from the official OED website ^ OED Facts ^ http://www. oed. com/news/updates/revisions0712. html ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 103–104, 112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 107–108. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 110. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. p. xiii. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ OED Contributors: Tolkien ^ LEXX – A pro grammable structured editor, Cowlishaw, M. F. , IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 31, No. 1, 1987, IBM Reprint order number G322-0151 ^ a b Paul Gray, â€Å"A Scholarly Everest Gets Bigger,† Time, 27 March 1989. R. J. Holmgren, â€Å"v3. x under Mac OS X and Linux†, last revised 22 March 2008. Accessed 19 April 2008 ^ â€Å"Bernie† from ELearnAid. com, â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary News†, 6 May 2004. Accessed 19 April 2008 ^ â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Version 4. 0 (Windows Mac)†. http://www. amazon. com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows/dp/0199563837/. ^ â€Å"Mac Compatibility†. http://www. oup. co. uk/ep/cdroms/oed/oed2v3_11/#4. ^ Juliet New (22 March 2000). â€Å"‘The world’s greatest dictionary’ goes online†. Ariadne (23). ISSN 1361-3200. http://www. ariadne. ac. k/issue23/oed-online/. Retrieved 18 March 2007. , ^ â€Å"Looking Forward to an Oxford English Dictionary AP I†. http://blog. webometrics. org. uk/2009/08/looking-forward-to-oxford-english. html. ^ â€Å"Oxford Online in English Public Libraries†. http://www. oup. com/online/englishpubliclibraries/. ^ â€Å"New Zealand procurement†. http://epic. org. nz/nl/Procurement. html. ^ â€Å"OED on-line New Zealand†. http://epic. org. nz/nl/oup. html#oed. ^ Stephanie Willen Brown, From Unregistered Words to OED3, CogSci Librarian, 23 August 2007. Accessed 23 October 2007. ^ Simon Winchester. History of the Oxford English Dictionary TVOntario Big Ideas. (27 May 2007). Podcast accessed on 1 December 2007. ^ Liz Thompson (December 2005). â€Å"Pasadena: A Brand New System for the OED† (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary News (Oxford University Press): p. 4. http://oed. com/pdfs/oed-news-2005-12. pdf. Retrieved 15 March 2007. ^ http://www. askoxford. com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/ize? view=get ^ a b Harris 1982, p. 935. ^ Globe Mail [edit] References Creaser, Wanda. Review of Willinsky, John, Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 50:1 (1996): 108–109. JSTOR. 7 April 2008. [1] Harris, Roy (3 September 1982). â€Å"The History Men†. Times Literary Supplement: 935–936. Gleick, James (5 November 2006). â€Å"Cyber-Neologoliferation†. The New York Times Magazine. [edit] Further reading Caught in the Web of Words: J. A. H. Murray and the Oxford English Dictionary, by K. M. Elisabeth Murray, Oxford University Press and Yale University Press, 1977; new edition 2001, Yale University Press, trade paperback, ISBN 0-300-08919-8. Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary, by John Willinsky, Princeton University Press, 1995, hardcover, ISBN 0-691-03719-1. The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary, Simon Winchester, Oxford University Press, 2003, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-860702-4. (UK title) The Surgeon of Crowthorne / (US title) The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of The Oxford English Dictionary, by Simon Winchester; see The Surgeon of Crowthorne for full details of the various editions. Lost for Words: The Hidden History of the Oxford English Dictionary, by Lynda Mugglestone, Yale University Press, 2005, hardcover, ISBN 0-300-10699-8. The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary, by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall, and Edmund Weiner, Oxford University Press, 2006, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-861069-6. Treasure-House of the Language: the Living OED, Charlotte Brewer, Yale University Press, 2007, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3. Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made, by Jonathon Green, Jonathan Cape, 1996, hardcover, ISBN 0-224-04010-3. edit] External links The Oxford English Dictionary’s official website Archive of documents (as page images), including Trench’s original â€Å"Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries† paper Murray’s original appeal for readers Their page of OED statistics, and another such page. Two sample pagesPDF (1. 54 MiB) from the OED. Examining the OED: Charlotte Brewer’s analysis of the principles and practices used by OED editors Bibliography of â€Å"[c]ritical assessments of OED or accounts of its history†, from Examining the OED The OED Meets Cyberspace: James Gleick’s 2006 article. How to cite How to Get Free Essays Without Submitting, Essays